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考研英語(yǔ)中16個(gè)習慣用法的翻譯技巧
發(fā)布日期:2016-12-27 10:07:37 瀏覽數:3516 次 信息來(lái)源:青島環(huán)宇橋
研究生入學(xué)考試中,經(jīng)常出現一些習慣用法和短語(yǔ)。許多考生因為對此不知道或不敏感,以至對原文的理解產(chǎn)生偏差,甚至產(chǎn)生完全錯誤的理解,所以,牽涉到習慣用法和短語(yǔ)的部分考生往往失分嚴重。
我們有必要掌握一些經(jīng)常在考研[微博]題中出現的習慣用法和短語(yǔ)。
現將考研題中經(jīng)常出現的習慣用法歸納如下:
(1)more A than B, less B than A,not so much B as/but A意思相同,用法相似,都可理解為"與其說(shuō)是B,還不如說(shuō)是A"。
這些短語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)意義為"比…更",如:There are more cars on the roads in summer than in winter。夏天公路上的車(chē)比冬天多。但是這個(gè)釋義并不適合所有的場(chǎng)合。在很多情況下,這些句型中A、B表示的是不同種類(lèi)的比較,而且是表示在比較的基礎上的一種選擇關(guān)系,應該譯為"與其說(shuō)…還不如說(shuō)"。如:Teaching can be more like guiding and assisting than forcing information into a supposedly empty head。
譯文:教學(xué)與其說(shuō)是把知識灌輸到假定為一片空白的頭腦中,還不如說(shuō)是對其進(jìn)行引導和幫助。(本句可理解為將"知識灌輸"的行為與"引導和幫助"的行為進(jìn)行對比,說(shuō)明教學(xué)選擇的是后一種行為。故譯為"與其說(shuō)…還不如說(shuō)"。注意譯文與原文的語(yǔ)序相反。)
It remains our view that a definition would be more likely to interfere with than to assist the competent organs of the United Nations to take quick and effective action to ensure the maintenance of peace。
譯文:我們仍然認為,一項定義與其說(shuō)是有助于,還不如說(shuō)是有礙于聯(lián)合國各個(gè)主管機構采取迅速而有效的行動(dòng)確保和平。
It was a curious exchange,less a debate than a quarrel between two aggressive men, each of them determined to impress the audience as more peaceful than the other。
譯文:這是一次奇妙的交談,與其說(shuō)是兩個(gè)好斗的人之間的一場(chǎng)辯論,還不如說(shuō)是一次吵嘴,雙方都竭力想使聽(tīng)眾覺(jué)得自己比對方更愛(ài)和平。
(2)no more...than,not any more than表示類(lèi)比,意思是"和…一樣都不","不比…更"。
no more...than與not any more不能簡(jiǎn)單地看做more...than 的否定形式。這一結果可能是帶有一定的感情色彩的否定形式,也可能是一種較特殊的類(lèi)比形式。
第一種情況:表示同類(lèi)否定比較,可譯為"不比…更"或"都…同樣不"。
The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain。
譯文:心臟和胃一樣無(wú)智力可言,因為它們都是由大腦控制的。
The food on the ship was no better than on any other ship on which Billy had sailed。
譯文:這條船上的(供應的)食品和比利工作過(guò)的其他船上的食品一樣差勁。
第二種情況:表示兩者的比較關(guān)系,可譯為"正如…不,…也不"。
There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink。
譯文:他們沒(méi)有理由限制你服用多少維生素,正像他們不能限制你喝多少水一樣。(這句話(huà)實(shí)際上是前后兩部分進(jìn)行比較的一種用法)
No one can hold back the tide of revolution any more than a man with a broom can hold a flood that has burst the dam。
譯文:任何人都無(wú)法阻擋革命洪流,正如一個(gè)人不能拿著(zhù)掃帚擋住決堤的洪水一樣。
The archaeologists' efforts are not directed at proving the correctness of the Bible any more than belief in God can be scientifically demonstrated。
譯文:考古學(xué)家的努力并不是要"驗證"圣經(jīng)的正確性,正如信仰上帝不能從科學(xué)上證明一樣。
(3)rather than很多情況下是一個(gè)表示否定的詞組,譯成"而不是"。
He rather than you is responsible for the loss。
譯文:損失由他而不是你負責。
Rather than a punishment or a burden, work is the opportunity to realize one's potential。
譯文:工作不是懲罰,也不是負擔,工作為個(gè)人潛力的發(fā)揮提供機會(huì )。
(4)only too...to相當于very...to表示"非!"、"很…"。
I shall be only too pleased to help him。
譯文:替他幫忙我是非常高興的。
(5)cannot...too.。。的意思是"無(wú)論怎么也不會(huì )過(guò)分",not表示的否定也可用scarcely這樣的半否定詞代替,意思相似。
A book may be compared to your neighbour; if it be good, it cannot last too long; if bad, you cannot get rid of it too early。
譯文:一本書(shū)好比你的鄰居;如果是好書(shū),讀書(shū)的時(shí)間再長(cháng)也不嫌長(cháng);如果不是好書(shū),你越早丟開(kāi)它越好。
One can scarcely pay too high a price for liberty。
譯文:為自由人們付出多大的代價(jià)都不過(guò)分。
(6)肯定句中other than 表示 different from或except,"不同于,除了";在否定句中other than相當于except"除了"。
Plants which refine crude ores are often located in countries other than those in which the crude ores are mined。
譯文:提煉礦石的廠(chǎng)房通常不設在采礦石的國家,而設在其他國家。
Holidays other than those in this brochure do not have free places for children。
譯文:小冊子上沒(méi)寫(xiě)的節假日里小孩不免費。
We missed the last bus so there was no choice other than to walk home。
譯文:我們錯過(guò)了最后一班公共汽車(chē),所以除了步行回家外別無(wú)選擇。
(7)It is not that...but that.。。的意思是"這不是說(shuō),而是說(shuō)",或"原因不是…,而是…"。
It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.
譯文:這并不是說(shuō)面包師或賣(mài)肉者所用的磅秤和化學(xué)家所用的天平在構造原理或工作方式上存在差別,而是說(shuō)與前者相比,后者是一種更精密得多的裝置,因而在計量上必然準確得多。
(8)Cannot...too"再…也不過(guò)分","應該…",參見(jiàn)技巧中的"正義反譯和反義正譯"部分。
You cannot be too careful in this matter。
譯文:在此事上你再仔細也不過(guò)分。
We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much。
譯文:對現代科學(xué)的價(jià)值再重視也不過(guò)分。
(9)much less, still less 用于否定句中,表示一種追加的否定,意思為"更不用說(shuō)、更不要說(shuō)"。類(lèi)似的說(shuō)法還有to say nothing of, not to speak of, not to mention, let alone,它們的意思也是"更不用說(shuō)",但是肯定句和否定句都可以用。
He knows little of mathematics, and still less of chemistry。
譯文:他幾乎不懂數學(xué),更不用說(shuō)化學(xué)了。
In old China, there was hardly any machine-building industry, to say nothing of an electronic industry。
譯文:在舊中國,幾乎沒(méi)有機器制造業(yè),更不用說(shuō)電子工業(yè)了。
Some people never read a newspaper,let alone a book。
譯文:有些人從未讀過(guò)報紙,更不用說(shuō)書(shū)本了。
He is the most intelligent, not to mention handsome, people I know。
譯文:他是我知道的最聰明的人之一,而且他還很英俊。
(10)the last + 名詞+不定式,或the last +名詞+定語(yǔ)從句,意思是"…最不可能的,最不愿意的"。
You are the last person I want to see。
譯文:你是我最不愿意見(jiàn)的人。
He would be the last person to go along with the proposal。
譯文:他將是最不可能同意這項提議的人。
Breach of promise is the last thing that he is likely to commit。
譯文:違約的事情他是絕不會(huì )干的。/他決不至于干出違約的事情。
(11)only to+動(dòng)詞"結果卻…",表示出乎意料的一種結果。
They don't have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre, the cinema or the opera, only to discover, perhaps, that the show is disappointing。
譯文:他們不必花錢(qián)去劇院、電影院或歌劇院買(mǎi)價(jià)格昂貴的票,結果卻發(fā)現,所演節目令人失望。
I went to pay a visit to my teacher only to find that the door was locked。
譯文:我去拜訪(fǎng)老師,結果卻發(fā)現大門(mén)被鎖上了。
(12)no...but"沒(méi)有…不","任何…都"。
There is no man but has faults。
譯文:沒(méi)有人沒(méi)有錯誤。/人皆有錯誤。
but在此是一否定關(guān)系代詞,既代替前面的名詞,又引出從句,而且具有否定意義,可理解為who...not, that...not, which...not。原句相當于There is no man who does not have faults。
(13)would rather...than"寧愿…","與其…不如"。
I would rather die with my head high, with indestructible faith and profound belief in the destiny of our country, than live in humility and renounce the principles which are sacred to me。
譯文:我寧愿昂著(zhù)頭,懷著(zhù)不動(dòng)搖的信念,抱著(zhù)對祖國前途的真切信心而死,也不愿在屈從之下背棄神圣的原則而生。(注:would rather 在某些英語(yǔ)中寫(xiě)成had rather)
(14)not nearly 相差很遠,遠遠少于。
The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food。
譯文:糧食供應將遠遠比不上人口的增長(cháng),這意味著(zhù)我們在糧食生產(chǎn)和購銷(xiāo)兩方面正陷入危機。
(15)no less than簡(jiǎn)直是,實(shí)在是; no less... than不但…而且。
It is no less than blackmail to ask such a price for a mere vase。
譯文:區區一花瓶索要如此高價(jià),簡(jiǎn)直是敲詐。
There were no less than one thousand people at the meeting。
譯文:到會(huì )的不少于1 000人。(強調人很多。比較There were not less than one thousand people at the meeting。到會(huì )的至少有1 000人。只說(shuō)"不少于",而不強調人多人少)
China insists always on the need for self-reliance, no less in economic policies than in making revolution。
譯文:中國始終堅持獨立自主,不但在進(jìn)行革命方面,而且在經(jīng)濟政策方面亦如此。(注意:no less...than連接兩個(gè)并列的成分,強調的重心在前面,因此漢譯時(shí)被強調的部分要放在"而且"之后)
(16)anything but 根本不;all but 幾乎,差一點(diǎn);but for、but that + 從句"要不是"。
Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that he felt anything but lonely。
譯文:雖然他單獨一人待在這所空寂的房子里,但是他埋頭于工作研究,所以一點(diǎn)也沒(méi)有感到孤獨。
(anything but意思是not at all, but做介詞,意為except)
The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation。
譯文:科學(xué)研究的方式不過(guò)是人類(lèi)思維活動(dòng)的必要表達方式,也就是對一切現象進(jìn)行思索并給予準確而嚴謹的解釋的表達方式。
It was all but impossible to climb back into the boat。
譯文:要再回到船上已幾乎不可能了。(all but相當于nearly, almost)
But for the rain we would have had a nice holiday。
譯文:要不是因為下雨,我們的假日一定過(guò)得很愜意。
But that you had seen me in the water, I would have drowned。
譯文:要不是你看見(jiàn)我掉在水里,我早就淹死了。
我們有必要掌握一些經(jīng)常在考研[微博]題中出現的習慣用法和短語(yǔ)。
現將考研題中經(jīng)常出現的習慣用法歸納如下:
(1)more A than B, less B than A,not so much B as/but A意思相同,用法相似,都可理解為"與其說(shuō)是B,還不如說(shuō)是A"。
這些短語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)意義為"比…更",如:There are more cars on the roads in summer than in winter。夏天公路上的車(chē)比冬天多。但是這個(gè)釋義并不適合所有的場(chǎng)合。在很多情況下,這些句型中A、B表示的是不同種類(lèi)的比較,而且是表示在比較的基礎上的一種選擇關(guān)系,應該譯為"與其說(shuō)…還不如說(shuō)"。如:Teaching can be more like guiding and assisting than forcing information into a supposedly empty head。
譯文:教學(xué)與其說(shuō)是把知識灌輸到假定為一片空白的頭腦中,還不如說(shuō)是對其進(jìn)行引導和幫助。(本句可理解為將"知識灌輸"的行為與"引導和幫助"的行為進(jìn)行對比,說(shuō)明教學(xué)選擇的是后一種行為。故譯為"與其說(shuō)…還不如說(shuō)"。注意譯文與原文的語(yǔ)序相反。)
It remains our view that a definition would be more likely to interfere with than to assist the competent organs of the United Nations to take quick and effective action to ensure the maintenance of peace。
譯文:我們仍然認為,一項定義與其說(shuō)是有助于,還不如說(shuō)是有礙于聯(lián)合國各個(gè)主管機構采取迅速而有效的行動(dòng)確保和平。
It was a curious exchange,less a debate than a quarrel between two aggressive men, each of them determined to impress the audience as more peaceful than the other。
譯文:這是一次奇妙的交談,與其說(shuō)是兩個(gè)好斗的人之間的一場(chǎng)辯論,還不如說(shuō)是一次吵嘴,雙方都竭力想使聽(tīng)眾覺(jué)得自己比對方更愛(ài)和平。
(2)no more...than,not any more than表示類(lèi)比,意思是"和…一樣都不","不比…更"。
no more...than與not any more不能簡(jiǎn)單地看做more...than 的否定形式。這一結果可能是帶有一定的感情色彩的否定形式,也可能是一種較特殊的類(lèi)比形式。
第一種情況:表示同類(lèi)否定比較,可譯為"不比…更"或"都…同樣不"。
The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain。
譯文:心臟和胃一樣無(wú)智力可言,因為它們都是由大腦控制的。
The food on the ship was no better than on any other ship on which Billy had sailed。
譯文:這條船上的(供應的)食品和比利工作過(guò)的其他船上的食品一樣差勁。
第二種情況:表示兩者的比較關(guān)系,可譯為"正如…不,…也不"。
There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink。
譯文:他們沒(méi)有理由限制你服用多少維生素,正像他們不能限制你喝多少水一樣。(這句話(huà)實(shí)際上是前后兩部分進(jìn)行比較的一種用法)
No one can hold back the tide of revolution any more than a man with a broom can hold a flood that has burst the dam。
譯文:任何人都無(wú)法阻擋革命洪流,正如一個(gè)人不能拿著(zhù)掃帚擋住決堤的洪水一樣。
The archaeologists' efforts are not directed at proving the correctness of the Bible any more than belief in God can be scientifically demonstrated。
譯文:考古學(xué)家的努力并不是要"驗證"圣經(jīng)的正確性,正如信仰上帝不能從科學(xué)上證明一樣。
(3)rather than很多情況下是一個(gè)表示否定的詞組,譯成"而不是"。
He rather than you is responsible for the loss。
譯文:損失由他而不是你負責。
Rather than a punishment or a burden, work is the opportunity to realize one's potential。
譯文:工作不是懲罰,也不是負擔,工作為個(gè)人潛力的發(fā)揮提供機會(huì )。
(4)only too...to相當于very...to表示"非!"、"很…"。
I shall be only too pleased to help him。
譯文:替他幫忙我是非常高興的。
(5)cannot...too.。。的意思是"無(wú)論怎么也不會(huì )過(guò)分",not表示的否定也可用scarcely這樣的半否定詞代替,意思相似。
A book may be compared to your neighbour; if it be good, it cannot last too long; if bad, you cannot get rid of it too early。
譯文:一本書(shū)好比你的鄰居;如果是好書(shū),讀書(shū)的時(shí)間再長(cháng)也不嫌長(cháng);如果不是好書(shū),你越早丟開(kāi)它越好。
One can scarcely pay too high a price for liberty。
譯文:為自由人們付出多大的代價(jià)都不過(guò)分。
(6)肯定句中other than 表示 different from或except,"不同于,除了";在否定句中other than相當于except"除了"。
Plants which refine crude ores are often located in countries other than those in which the crude ores are mined。
譯文:提煉礦石的廠(chǎng)房通常不設在采礦石的國家,而設在其他國家。
Holidays other than those in this brochure do not have free places for children。
譯文:小冊子上沒(méi)寫(xiě)的節假日里小孩不免費。
We missed the last bus so there was no choice other than to walk home。
譯文:我們錯過(guò)了最后一班公共汽車(chē),所以除了步行回家外別無(wú)選擇。
(7)It is not that...but that.。。的意思是"這不是說(shuō),而是說(shuō)",或"原因不是…,而是…"。
It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.
譯文:這并不是說(shuō)面包師或賣(mài)肉者所用的磅秤和化學(xué)家所用的天平在構造原理或工作方式上存在差別,而是說(shuō)與前者相比,后者是一種更精密得多的裝置,因而在計量上必然準確得多。
(8)Cannot...too"再…也不過(guò)分","應該…",參見(jiàn)技巧中的"正義反譯和反義正譯"部分。
You cannot be too careful in this matter。
譯文:在此事上你再仔細也不過(guò)分。
We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much。
譯文:對現代科學(xué)的價(jià)值再重視也不過(guò)分。
(9)much less, still less 用于否定句中,表示一種追加的否定,意思為"更不用說(shuō)、更不要說(shuō)"。類(lèi)似的說(shuō)法還有to say nothing of, not to speak of, not to mention, let alone,它們的意思也是"更不用說(shuō)",但是肯定句和否定句都可以用。
He knows little of mathematics, and still less of chemistry。
譯文:他幾乎不懂數學(xué),更不用說(shuō)化學(xué)了。
In old China, there was hardly any machine-building industry, to say nothing of an electronic industry。
譯文:在舊中國,幾乎沒(méi)有機器制造業(yè),更不用說(shuō)電子工業(yè)了。
Some people never read a newspaper,let alone a book。
譯文:有些人從未讀過(guò)報紙,更不用說(shuō)書(shū)本了。
He is the most intelligent, not to mention handsome, people I know。
譯文:他是我知道的最聰明的人之一,而且他還很英俊。
(10)the last + 名詞+不定式,或the last +名詞+定語(yǔ)從句,意思是"…最不可能的,最不愿意的"。
You are the last person I want to see。
譯文:你是我最不愿意見(jiàn)的人。
He would be the last person to go along with the proposal。
譯文:他將是最不可能同意這項提議的人。
Breach of promise is the last thing that he is likely to commit。
譯文:違約的事情他是絕不會(huì )干的。/他決不至于干出違約的事情。
(11)only to+動(dòng)詞"結果卻…",表示出乎意料的一種結果。
They don't have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre, the cinema or the opera, only to discover, perhaps, that the show is disappointing。
譯文:他們不必花錢(qián)去劇院、電影院或歌劇院買(mǎi)價(jià)格昂貴的票,結果卻發(fā)現,所演節目令人失望。
I went to pay a visit to my teacher only to find that the door was locked。
譯文:我去拜訪(fǎng)老師,結果卻發(fā)現大門(mén)被鎖上了。
(12)no...but"沒(méi)有…不","任何…都"。
There is no man but has faults。
譯文:沒(méi)有人沒(méi)有錯誤。/人皆有錯誤。
but在此是一否定關(guān)系代詞,既代替前面的名詞,又引出從句,而且具有否定意義,可理解為who...not, that...not, which...not。原句相當于There is no man who does not have faults。
(13)would rather...than"寧愿…","與其…不如"。
I would rather die with my head high, with indestructible faith and profound belief in the destiny of our country, than live in humility and renounce the principles which are sacred to me。
譯文:我寧愿昂著(zhù)頭,懷著(zhù)不動(dòng)搖的信念,抱著(zhù)對祖國前途的真切信心而死,也不愿在屈從之下背棄神圣的原則而生。(注:would rather 在某些英語(yǔ)中寫(xiě)成had rather)
(14)not nearly 相差很遠,遠遠少于。
The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food。
譯文:糧食供應將遠遠比不上人口的增長(cháng),這意味著(zhù)我們在糧食生產(chǎn)和購銷(xiāo)兩方面正陷入危機。
(15)no less than簡(jiǎn)直是,實(shí)在是; no less... than不但…而且。
It is no less than blackmail to ask such a price for a mere vase。
譯文:區區一花瓶索要如此高價(jià),簡(jiǎn)直是敲詐。
There were no less than one thousand people at the meeting。
譯文:到會(huì )的不少于1 000人。(強調人很多。比較There were not less than one thousand people at the meeting。到會(huì )的至少有1 000人。只說(shuō)"不少于",而不強調人多人少)
China insists always on the need for self-reliance, no less in economic policies than in making revolution。
譯文:中國始終堅持獨立自主,不但在進(jìn)行革命方面,而且在經(jīng)濟政策方面亦如此。(注意:no less...than連接兩個(gè)并列的成分,強調的重心在前面,因此漢譯時(shí)被強調的部分要放在"而且"之后)
(16)anything but 根本不;all but 幾乎,差一點(diǎn);but for、but that + 從句"要不是"。
Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that he felt anything but lonely。
譯文:雖然他單獨一人待在這所空寂的房子里,但是他埋頭于工作研究,所以一點(diǎn)也沒(méi)有感到孤獨。
(anything but意思是not at all, but做介詞,意為except)
The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation。
譯文:科學(xué)研究的方式不過(guò)是人類(lèi)思維活動(dòng)的必要表達方式,也就是對一切現象進(jìn)行思索并給予準確而嚴謹的解釋的表達方式。
It was all but impossible to climb back into the boat。
譯文:要再回到船上已幾乎不可能了。(all but相當于nearly, almost)
But for the rain we would have had a nice holiday。
譯文:要不是因為下雨,我們的假日一定過(guò)得很愜意。
But that you had seen me in the water, I would have drowned。
譯文:要不是你看見(jiàn)我掉在水里,我早就淹死了。